CHAPTER 4 TOPICS
• Program: Client, Code, and Other Constraints
• Intention: Architectural Ambition
• Critical Technical Issues: Inherent, Contextural, and Intentional
• The Use of Precedent
• Appropriate Systems: Structure, Envelope, Mechanical, Interior, and Site
• Beneficial Integrations
his chapter applies the rationale of systems integration, as disussed in the preceding chapters, to a working method for examining levels of integration in architectural design. The method gives equal weight to programmatic constraints and architectural intention in the determination of critical technical issues. Technical issues, in turn, drive the selection of appropriate systems that satisfy both program and intention.
Finally, the happy marriage of component systems in beneficial integration is shown to be essential to achieving unified and successful results. The discussion centers on a developmental example, the Pacific Museum of Flight (PMF) in Seattle, Washington, by architect Ibsen Nelsen, with references to Johnson & Burgee’s design of the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California, as its design precedent.
THE PACIFIC MUSEUM OF FLIGHT
The Pacific Museum of Flight provides an excellent example of building systems integration and the use of architectural precedent. It also serves as an analytical model and framework for the building studies in Part II, where the same format will be repeated.
|
|
|
TABLE 4.1 Fact Sheet
|
Project
|
Building name
Client
City
Lat/Long/Elev
|
The Pacific Museum of Flight (PMF)
Museum of Flight Foundation, Howard Lovering, Executive Director Seattle, Washington, USA 47.5N 122.3W, 20 ft (6.1 m)
|
|
Team
|
Design Structural Mechanical Electrical Energy Landscape Exhibit Lighting Exhibits Design
|
Ibsen Nelsen and Associates, Architect, with Robinson, Mills & Williams Architects Jack Christiansen of Skilling, Ward, Ragers, Berkshire, Inc.
Carl W. Miskimen of Miskimen/Associates
Gerald Fitzmaurice of Travis Fitzmaurice and Associates, Inc.
Vladimir Bazjanac
Richard Haag & Associates, Landscape Architects Frank A. Florentine, National Air and Space Museum Aldrich/Pears
|
|
General
|
Time Line Floor Area
Occupants
Cost
Cost in 1995 US $ Stories
Plan
|
Design began in 1979. Construction 1984 to 1987.Vice President George Bush cut the ribbon on July 11,1987.
142,816 ft2, of which the Main Gallery is 47,213 ft2
5863 rated occupancy load, 3147 of which is calculated for the Gallery.
$26.4 million.
$35.4 million, or $248/ft2.
Auditorium, library, offices, and viewing mezzanine over full basement in two-story wing attached to open Gallery space that slopes to 75 ft high ridge.
Gallery is a clear span trapezoid of 385 ft base and 173 ft top with 239 ft sides. The height of the trapezoid across the Gallery is 165 ft. Support spaces extend this shape at its base by an additional 74 ft along the sides to 496 ft across the base.
|
|
Site
|
Site Description Parking, Cars
|
Industrial area located on busy six-lane roadway. Land adjacent to Boeing Field where air shows are performed. Poor load-bearing soil and tidal flooding characterize the subsoil conditions.
306 surface spaces.
|
|
Structure
|
Foundation Vertical Members
Horizontal Spans
Special Features
|
Slab on pads on driven pilings.
Exoskeletal space frame of white painted metal pipe and connector plates. Frame is 9.5 ft deep at SW street elevation and 6.0 ft deep on the S and NW sides.
Space truss of similar construction to wall frame, custom fabricated, 17 ft deep. Based on an equilateral triangle of 19.4 ft with 20 chords on the long base, 9 chords at the narrow top, and 11 chords on each side of the plan.
Extensive numbers of driven pilings are used to support lightweight and transparent steel frame.
|
|
Envelope
|
Glass and Glazing
Skylights
Cladding
Roof
Special Features
|
Heat mirror glazing on vertical surfaces, clear at ground level and increasingly darker tint at higher divisions of Gallery wall.
Roof glass in Gallery rated at 25 lb/ft2.
Insulated glass plus a Mylar inner membrane with low-emissivity coating.
Roof is triple glazed and reflective coated with inner lite being in. thick laminated glass.
Operable doors in south wall for delivery of aircraft. Operable vent windows for mechanical ventilation cooling. This is an early application of spectrally selective glazing for heat gain control, daylighting, and ultraviolet radiation protection.
|
|
HVAC
|
Equipment Cooling Type Distribution Duct Type Vertical Chases Special Features
|
One 350 ton centrifugal chiller with a 1050 gpm cooling tower and a 54 horsepower boiler in basement. Direct expansion.
Comfort is distributed by ten fan coil systems.
Fan coils and variable-air-volume air terminal multizone system.
Below-grade ducts, exposed ducts on interior.
Ventilation cooling is provided by 100% outside air flushing of Gallery via two 36,000 cfm variable air-volume fans and mechanically operated vent windows high in the Gallery walls.
|
|
Interior
|
Partitions
Finishes
Vertical Circulation Lighting
Special Features
|
Open Gallery space. Administrative wing has metal stud partitions with gypsum wallboard.
Primarily glass envelope with exposed structure and carpeted floors.
Observation elevators at Gallery. Several open stairs and fire egress stairs are provided in administrative wing.
Metal halide 400 W fixtures provide ambient light but are seldom needed during daylight hours. An automatic three-step dimming system was provided to modulate artificial lighting in response to available daylight. Some accent lighting and display lighting fixtures.
Areas include a 268 seat auditorium.
|
|
Roof is triple glazed and reflective coated with inner light being 1/2 inch thick laminated glass.
|
Below grade ducts from basement to perimeter air diffusers
|
|
Slab on pads on driven pilings Extensive numbers of driven pilings are used to support lightweight and transparent steel frame.
|
|
Ventilation cooling is provided by 100% outside air flushing of Gallery via two 36,000 cfm variable air volume fans and mechanically operated vent windows high in the Gallery walls.
|
|
Metal halide 400-Watt fixtures provide ambient light but are seldom needed during daylight hours. An automatic three step dimming system was provided to modulate artificial lighting in response to available daylight. Some accent lighting and display lighting fixtures.
|
|
Heat mirror glazing on vertical surfaces, clear at ground level and increasingly darker tint at higher divisions of Gallery wall.
Exoskeletal space frame of white painted metal pipe and connector plates. Frame is 9.5ft deep at SW street elevation and 6.0-ft deep on the S and NW sides.
|
Space truss roof span of similar construction to wall frame, custom fabricated, 17 ft deep. Based on an equilateral triangle of 19.4-ft with 20 chords on the long base, 9 chords at the narrow top and 11 chords on each side of the plan.
